Global Communications Newsletter Conferenc Report

From November 30 to December 02 2022, the IEEE Latin-American Conference on Communications (LATINCOM) returned to Brazil for its fourteenth edition. LATINCOM was held in the wonderful city of Rio de Janeiro, which had the privilege to offer attendees all its fantastic beauties comprising landscapes with a series of green mountains cascading down to the coast. LATINCOM's journey to Rio de Janeiro started in Medellín, Colombia, in 2009, Bogotá, also in Colombia, in 2010. It first appeared in Brazil, Belém, in 2011. Then it moved to Cuenca, Ecuador, in 2012, Santiago, Chile, in 2013, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, in 2014, Arequipa, Peru, in 2015, Medellin, Colombia, in 2016, Guatemala City, Guatemala, in 2017, and Guadalajara, Mexico, in 2018. LATINCOM was held for a second time in Brazil, in Salvador, 2019. The conference was forced to go online in 2019, hybrid in 2021, in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, and then finally returning to the face-to-face format in 2022, in Rio de Janeiro. This brought to the 14th edition a remarkable characteristic, as it represented the return to in-presence conferences after the Covid-19 outbreak. LATIN-COM is held annually and attracts submissions and participants from around the globe. In 2022, the program was organized in three intensive days, including four keynote speeches, four tutorials, two workshops, and 16 technical sessions.

Social Media Use and Its Association with Mental Health and Internet Addiction among Portuguese Higher Education Students during COVID-19 Confinement.

The use of social media was one of the most common way to keep in touch with friends and family during confinement. For higher education students, the fact that their universities were closed was a major change in their lives. The aim of this study is to relate the prevalence and type of social media with Internet addiction and mental health of university students in a district of Portugal during COVID-19 confinement. Mental health was studied by applying the reduced version of the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5) and to measure the Internet use and dependence, the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) was used. The study (cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational) used an online questionnaire, conducted on Google® Forms and the link was sent to 4450 students, in the months of April to June 2020, during the confinement. A total of 329 valid questionnaires were obtained. We can conclude that regarding mental health, students in the 18-24 age group, single or divorced and who are not in a relationship, and with worse academic results, show worse levels of mental health. It is noteworthy that the students with the same characteristics also have the highest levels of addiction to internet.

The Impact of COVID-19 Confinement on Substance Use and Mental Health in Portuguese Higher Education Students.

The mental health of higher education students is a constant concern, and the pandemic situation caused by COVID-19 has intensified this concern. The social measures imposed to control and minimize the disease have led, among other things, to the reconfiguration of higher education students' academic life habits, which has naturally altered their emotional balance, mental health, and substance abuse. This cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational study assesses the influence of higher education students' personal characteristics on their (self-reported) use of addictive substances (alcohol, tobacco, drugs, and pharmaceutical drugs) before and during their first compulsory confinement in Portugal, as well as its relationship with mental health. An online questionnaire was applied between 15 April and 20 May 2020, to students from various study cycles of higher education institutions in one region of Portugal (northern area of Alentejo), which included the Mental Health Inventory in its reduced version (MHI-5) and questions (constructed by the authors) on personal characterization and on the use of addictive substances before and during confinement. The convenience sample included 329 mostly female health care students between the ages of 18 and 24. In our results, we found a statistically significant decrease in tobacco, alcohol, and drug use; however, there was an increase in tobacco use among older students and an increase in anxiolytic use among students with higher academic achievement and among students who exhibited more active social behavior in the period prior to confinement. Students who took anxiolytics during confinement had higher MHI-5 scores and students who used the most addictive substances during confinement had lower MHI-5 scores than the other students.

Polymorphisms in ACE1, TMPRSS2, IFIH1, IFNAR2, and TYK2 Genes Are Associated with Worse Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19.

Although advanced age, male sex, and some comorbidities impact the clinical course of COVID-19, these factors only partially explain the inter-individual variability in disease severity. Some studies have shown that genetic polymorphisms contribute to COVID-19 severity; however, the results are inconclusive. Thus, we investigated the association between polymorphisms in ACE1, ACE2, DPP9, IFIH1, IFNAR2, IFNL4, TLR3, TMPRSS2, and TYK2 and the clinical course of COVID-19. A total of 694 patients with COVID-19 were categorized as: (1) ward inpatients (moderate symptoms) or patients admitted at the intensive care unit (ICU; severe symptoms); and (2) survivors or non-survivors. In females, the rs1990760/IFIH1 T/T genotype was associated with risk of ICU admission and death. Moreover, the rs1799752/ACE1 Ins and rs12329760/TMPRSS2 T alleles were associated with risk of ICU admission. In non-white patients, the rs2236757/IFNAR2 A/A genotype was associated with risk of ICU admission, while the rs1799752/ACE1 Ins/Ins genotype, rs2236757/IFNAR2 A/A genotype, and rs12329760/TMPRSS2 T allele were associated with risk of death. Moreover, some of the analyzed polymorphisms interact in the risk of worse COVID-19 outcomes. In conclusion, this study shows an association of rs1799752/ACE1, rs1990760/IFIH1, rs2236757/IFNAR2, rs12329760/TMPRSS2, and rs2304256/TYK2 polymorphisms with worse COVID-19 outcomes, especially among female and non-white patients.

Literacy and Mental Health of Portuguese Higher Education Students and Their Use of Health Promotion Strategies during Confinement in the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The pandemic of COVID-19 caused significant changes in economies and societies with a major impact on the entire education process. However, these changes did not invalidate a constant effort of adaptation. This cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational study used an online questionnaire administered to students from various study cycles at higher education institutions in Portugal, with the aim of exploring the influence of literacy and mental health on the use of mental health promotion strategies during COVID-19 confinement. A total of 329 students from higher education institutions participated in this study, mostly from the age group 18-24 years (n = 272; 82.7%) and female (n = 265, 80.5%). The most mentioned health promotion strategies during this period included studying (n = 170; 51.7%); physical activities (n = 151, 45.9%); social networking (n = 124, 37.7%); cooking activities (n = 120, 36.5%); and listening to music (n = 118, 35.9%). Academic success is self-reported, and it is weakly correlated with the MHI5 (r = 0.103, p = 0.063). Students in the pre-graduate programs studied more during the times of the pandemic and used this activity as a mental-health-promoting strategy with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.033). Although it was difficult to improve health literacy related to COVID-19 in such a short period of time, there was a very strong motivation to access, understand, evaluate, communicate, synthesize, and apply information and knowledge to maintain mental health through self-care using health promotion strategies.

Behavior of the Return of Shares of Information Technology Companies Listed on B3 During the Covid-19 Pandemic

The worldwide pandemic of the new coronavirus is an external event that has been impacting economic sectors, with the technology sector being positively impacted by an increase in demand for products and services related to information technology. Motivated by the essentiality of the information technology sector, this study aims to analyze the behavior of stock returns of companies in the information technology sector listed on B3 during the Covid-19 pandemic. Descriptive methodology was used, with a quantitative approach for data analysis, regarding the procedures, it was classified as an event study. The initial sample comprised 14 firms from the information technology sector listed in Brazil, Stock Exchange, Counter (B3) and plus the Ibovespa index, 9 firms were eliminated for not presenting results throughout the analyzed period, leaving the final sample with 5 firms, with daily data for the period from 03/12/2019 to 03/12/2021 (2,766 daily observations). The results suggest that the Covid-19 pandemic affected the returns of the information technology sector, which after the start of the pandemic presents returns higher than the Ibovespa Index, however, when analyzing the persistence of returns, the results are significant in only some months. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated Extracellular HSP72 and Blunted Heat Shock Response in Severe COVID-19 Patients.

AIMS: We hypothesized that critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and insulin resistance would present a reduced Heat Shock Response (HSR), which is a pathway involved in proteostasis and anti-inflammation, subsequently leading to worse outcomes and higher inflammation. In this work we aimed: (i) to measure the concentration of extracellular HSP72 (eHSP72) in patients with severe COVID-19 and in comparison with noninfected patients; (ii) to compare the HSR between critically ill patients with COVID-19 (with and without diabetes); and (iii) to compare the HSR in these patients with noninfected individuals. METHODS: Sixty critically ill adults with acute respiratory failure with SARS-CoV-2, with or without diabetes, were selected. Noninfected subjects were included for comparison (healthy, n = 19 and patients with diabetes, n = 22). Blood samples were collected to measure metabolism (glucose and HbA1c); oxidative stress (lypoperoxidation and carbonyls); cytokine profile (IL-10 and TNF); eHSP72; and the HSR (in vitro). RESULTS: Patients with severe COVID-19 presented higher plasma eHSP72 compared with healthy individuals and noninfected patients with diabetes. Despite the high level of plasma cytokines, no differences were found between critically ill patients with COVID-19 with or without diabetes. Critically ill patients, when compared to noninfected, presented a blunted HSR. Oxidative stress markers followed the same pattern. No differences in the HSR (extracellular/intracellular level) were found between critically ill patients, with or without diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that patients with severe COVID-19 have elevated plasma eHSP72 and that their HSR is blunted, regardless of the presence of diabetes. These results might explain the uncontrolled inflammation and also provide insights on the increased risk in developing type 2 diabetes after SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Progression of COVID-19 Among Black Pregnant Women: Population-Based Study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the evolution of COVID-19 related to race/skin color among Brazilian pregnant women registered on the Sistema de Informação de Vigilância da Gripe (SIVEP Gripe). This is a population-based study, based on the data from SIVEP Gripe, with data collected at two time points, August 2020 and February 2021. From the complete database (575,935 cases on August 8, 2020 and 1,048,576 cases on January 2, 2021), the weeks 13 to 32 (563,851 cases) and 33 to 53 (469,241 cases) were selected. We selected cases of pregnant women with white, brown and black skin color and final evolution (1,884 and 1,286 cases). The final sample (939 and 858 cases) was defined by including participants who had all the targeted information recorded. The outcome variables were hospitalization, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission and COVID-19 deaths. The present study identified that there was a drop of approximately two-thirds in the proportion of pregnant women who required ICU care or died, when comparing the first and second periods. In the second period, black pregnant women had approximately five times higher risk of death compared to white and brown women.

Is COVID-19 Severity Impacted by Bariatric Surgery in the Early Postoperative Period?

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the real influence of bariatric surgery on the clinical evolution of patients infected with SARS-Cov-2 in the postoperative period. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis including two groups of patients: those who presented COVID-19 before bariatric surgery and those who presented it within 3 months of postoperative. Primary outcome was related to the severity of COVID-19, measured by the following variables: presence of symptoms, need for hospitalization, ICU admission, and invasive ventilation. Laboratory markers for inflammatory response, glycemic status, and micronutrients were analyzed as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: From the 222 individuals operated on within the study period, only 66 (29.7%) presented COVID-19, 42 (18.9%) in the preoperative period and 24 (10.8%) after the procedure. Mean age was 36.3 ± 9.5 years and mean preoperative BMI was 39.9 ± 4.2 kg/m2. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding symptoms presentation (92.9% × 87.5%, p = 0.66), need for hospitalization (11.9% × 16.7%, p = 0.713), ICU admission (4.8% × 4.2%, p = 1.000), and invasive ventilation (2.4% × 0.0%, p = 1.000). Regarding the quantitative variables, absolute lymphocyte count was significantly lower in the group who presented COVID-19 after surgery (1822.9 ± 482.2 × 2158.6 ± 552.9, p = 0.035). CONCLUSION: Patients who had COVID-19 before and after sleeve gastrectomy did not differ with statistical significance for the presence of symptoms, need for hospitalization, ICU admission, and invasive ventilation.

Estimativas de público elegível e custos do benefício emergencial criado pelo PL 9.236/2017

O Projeto de Lei (PL) 9.236/2017 foi aprovado pela Câmara dos Deputados no dia 26 de março de 2020 e tudo indica que deve ser rapidamente ratificado pelo Senado Federal, seguindo então para sanção presidencial. Embora originalmente o PL se propusesse a fazer alterações relevantes nos critérios de concessão do Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC), a aprovação na Câmara chamou a atenção por instituir, no seu art. 2°, auxílio emergencial aos trabalhadores informais como parte da estratégia de resposta à epidemia da Covid-19. Essa medida é oportuna e necessária e vai ao encontro do que dezenas de países vêm adotando para mitigar os impactos econômicos e sociais da pandemia. O objetivo desta nota técnica é apresentar estimativas do custo deste novo benefício ao longo dos três meses previstos para sua duração. O auxílio tem o valor de R$ 600 por mês e, segundo os incisos que seguem o caput do art. 2°, será pago durante três meses (prorrogáveis) para trabalhadores que, cumulativamente, cumprirem condições específicas.

Evitando a pandemia da pobreza: possibilidades para o programa Bolsa Família e para o Cadastro Único em resposta à COVID-19

Neste estudo propomos três medidas para potencializar o uso do Programa Bolsa Família e do Cadastro Único para Programas Sociais (Cadastro Único) como resposta às consequências econômicas da pandemia da COVID-19. As medidas propostas são as seguintes: (i) zerar a fila de espera do Programa e suspender procedimentos que possam levar à cessação de benefícios;(ii) reajustar benefícios e linha de elegibilidade do Programa;e (iii) conceder um benefício extraordinário para todas as famílias do Cadastro Único, beneficiárias ou não do Bolsa Família. As combinações para as alternativas destas medidas resultam em 56 cenários com parâmetros únicos, para os quais, com base nos dados do Cadastro Único e na folha de pagamentos do Bolsa Família, estimam-se o público alvo e os custos. Também avaliamos as eventuais dificuldades institucionais e operacionais para a implementação destas medidas, já que as iniciativas podem ter uma magnitude inédita na política social brasileira. Recomendamos uma combinação relativamente generosa destas medidas, por um período de pelo menos seis meses.Alternate abstract: This study suggests three measures to enhance the potential of the Bolsa Família program and Single Registry for Social Protection (Cadastro Único) as responses to the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. We propose to: (i) enroll all eligible households already in the Cadastro Único in the Bolsa Família program, and postpone all verification and recertification processes that could result in benefit cuts;(ii) adjust the eligibility thresholds of Bolsa Família and the value of the benefits;and (iii) grant an emergency benefit, for at least six months, to all families enrolled in the Single Registry (regardless of whether they are Bolsa Família beneficiaries or not) whose per capita income is below half a minimum wage. The combination of these measures results in 56 different scenarios. Based on the data from the Single Registry and the Bolsa Família payroll, the study estimates the target audience and costs. Given the unprecedented magnitude of these measures, the study also emphasizes possible institutional and operational difficulties for their implementation. A combination of these measures is recommended, with a duration of at least six months.Alternate abstract: Este estudio propone tres medidas para potenciar el uso del “Programa Bolsa Família” y del Registro Único (Cadastro Único) para Programas Sociales como respuestas a las consecuencias económicas de la pandemia de COVID-19. Se propone (i) reducir a cero la lista de espera del programa y posponer los procedimientos administrativos que podrían resultar en recortes de beneficios;(ii) reajustar el umbral de elegibilidad y el valor de los beneficios del “Bolsa Família”;y (iii) otorgar un beneficio de emergencia, por al menos seis meses, a todas las familias inscritas en el Registro Único (sean o no beneficiarias del “Bolsa Família”) cuyo ingreso per cápita sea inferior a la mitad del salario mínimo. Las combinaciones de las alternativas de estas medidas dan como resultado 56 escenarios diferentes. Sobre la base de los datos del Registro Único y la nómina del “Bolsa Família”, el estudio estima el público objetivo y los costos de las medidas propuestas. Dada la magnitud sin precedentes de estas medidas, el estudio también evalúa las posibles dificultades institucionales y operativas para su implementación. Se recomienda una combinación relativamente generosa de estas medidas por un período de al menos 6 meses.

Avoiding the poverty pandemic: the potential of the Bolsa Família program and the Single Registry for Social Programs to face the COVID-19 pandemic

This study suggests three measures to enhance the potential of the Bolsa Família program and Single Registry for Social Protection (Cadastro Único) as responses to the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. We propose to: (i) enroll all eligible households already in the Cadastro Único in the Bolsa Família program, and postpone all verification and recertification processes that could result in benefit cuts;(ii) adjust the eligibility thresholds of Bolsa Família and the value of the benefits;and (iii) grant an emergency benefit, for at least six months, to all families enrolled in the Single Registry (regardless of whether they are Bolsa Família beneficiaries or not) whose per capita income is below half a minimum wage. The combination of these measures results in 56 different scenarios. Based on the data from the Single Registry and the Bolsa Família payroll, the study estimates the target audience and costs. Given the unprecedented magnitude of these measures, the study also emphasizes possible institutional and operational difficulties for their implementation. A combination of these measures is recommended, with a duration of at least six months.Alternate abstract: Neste estudo propomos três medidas para potencializar o uso do Programa Bolsa Família e do Cadastro Único para Programas Sociais (Cadastro Único) como resposta às consequências econômicas da pandemia da COVID-19. As medidas propostas são as seguintes: (i) zerar a fila de espera do Programa e suspender procedimentos que possam levar à cessação de benefícios;(ii) reajustar benefícios e linha de elegibilidade do Programa;e (iii) conceder um benefício extraordinário para todas as famílias do Cadastro Único, beneficiárias ou não do Bolsa Família. As combinações para as alternativas destas medidas resultam em 56 cenários com parâmetros únicos, para os quais, com base nos dados do Cadastro Único e na folha de pagamentos do Bolsa Família, estimam-se o público alvo e os custos. Também avaliamos as eventuais dificuldades institucionais e operacionais para a implementação destas medidas, já que as iniciativas podem ter uma magnitude inédita na política social brasileira. Recomendamos uma combinação relativamente generosa destas medidas, por um período de pelo menos seis meses.Alternate abstract: Este estudio propone tres medidas para potenciar el uso del “Programa Bolsa Família” y del Registro Único (Cadastro Único) para Programas Sociales como respuestas a las consecuencias económicas de la pandemia de COVID-19. Se propone (i) reducir a cero la lista de espera del programa y posponer los procedimientos administrativos que podrían resultar en recortes de beneficios;(ii) reajustar el umbral de elegibilidad y el valor de los beneficios del “Bolsa Família”;y (iii) otorgar un beneficio de emergencia, por al menos seis meses, a todas las familias inscritas en el Registro Único (sean o no beneficiarias del “Bolsa Família”) cuyo ingreso per cápita sea inferior a la mitad del salario mínimo. Las combinaciones de las alternativas de estas medidas dan como resultado 56 escenarios diferentes. Sobre la base de los datos del Registro Único y la nómina del “Bolsa Família”, el estudio estima el público objetivo y los costos de las medidas propuestas. Dada la magnitud sin precedentes de estas medidas, el estudio también evalúa las posibles dificultades institucionales y operativas para su implementación. Se recomienda una combinación relativamente generosa de estas medidas por un período de al menos 6 meses.

Inequality, geographic situation, and meanings of action in the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. / Desigualdade, situação geográfica e sentidos da ação na pandemia da COVID-19 no Brasil.

This Essay reflects on how socio-spatial inequalities and geographic situations condition the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, as well as actions to deal with the pandemic, with arguments backed by the literature. Socio-spatial inequality is defined as a process and structural condition of a territory marked by inherited and updated vulnerabilities, resulting from a relationship of exploitation, spoliation, and oppression in the current period of globalization. The authors argue that the COVID-19 pandemic can have more serious repercussions in contexts of greater socio-spatial inequality, with systemic and chronic deepening of the economic and social crises in places. Still, actions matter, including collaboration between different groups, institutions, and sectors. The analysis of geographic situation contributes to understanding the inherited territory and different experiences with COVID-19, inextricably linked to the conditions and meanings of action in the face of the pandemic in each place. Geographic situation expresses the tension between freedom and the condition for action. The crisis is not only a health crisis, but a manifestation of the current time, and inequality proves to be the most serious emergency of the 21st century.

Este Ensaio traz uma reflexão sobre como as desigualdades socioespaciais e as situações geográficas são condicionantes da pandemia da COVID-19 no Brasil, assim como das ações para o seu enfrentamento. A bibliografia de apoio fundamenta os argumentos. Compreende-se a desigualdade socioespacial como processo e condição estrutural de um território marcado por vulnerabilidades herdadas e atualizadas, resultante da relação de exploração, espoliação e opressão no atual período da globalização. Argumenta-se que a pandemia da COVID-19 pode ter repercussões mais graves em contextos de maior desigualdade socioespacial, com aprofundamento sistêmico e duradouro das crises econômica e social nos lugares. Contudo, as ações importam, incluindo as articulações entre diversos grupos, instituições e setores. A análise da situação geográfica contribui para a compreensão do território herdado e das diferentes experiências da COVID-19 indissociavelmente das condições e dos sentidos da ação frente à pandemia, em cada lugar. A situação expressa a tensão entre a liberdade e a condição para a ação. A crise não é apenas sanitária, é um dado do período atual, e a desigualdade se revela como a maior emergência do século XXI.

Este Ensayo plantea una reflexión sobre cómo las desigualdades socioespaciales y las situaciones geográficas son condicionantes de la pandemia de COVID-19 en Brasil, así como sobre las acciones para luchar contra ella. La bibliografía de apoyo fundamenta los argumentos. Se entiende la desigualdad socioespacial como un proceso y condición estructural de un territorio, marcado por vulnerabilidades heredadas y actualizadas, resultantes de la relación de explotación, expolio y opresión en el marco del actual período de globalización. Se argumenta que la pandemia de COVID-19 puede tener repercusiones más graves en contextos de mayor desigualdad socioespacial, con una profundización sistémica y duradera de las crisis económicas y sociales en diferentes espacios. No obstante, las acciones importan, incluyendo la coordinación entre diversos grupos, instituciones y sectores. El análisis de situación geográfica contribuye a la comprensión del territorio heredado y de las diferentes experiencias de la COVID-19, indisociablemente de las condiciones y de los sentidos de la acción frente a la pandemia, en cada lugar. La situación expresa la tensión entre la libertad y la condición para la acción. La crisis no es solamente sanitaria, es un hecho propio de la era actual en la que nos encontramos, y la desigualdad se revela como la mayor emergencia del siglo XXI.

Avoiding the poverty pandemic: the potential of the Bolsa Família program and the Single Registry for Social Programs to face the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumo Neste estudo propomos três medidas para potencializar o uso do Programa Bolsa Família e do Cadastro Único para Programas Sociais (Cadastro Único) como resposta às consequências econômicas da pandemia da COVID-19. As medidas propostas são as seguintes: (i) zerar a fila de espera do Programa e suspender procedimentos que possam levar à cessação de benefícios;(ii) reajustar benefícios e linha de elegibilidade do Programa;e (iii) conceder um benefício extraordinário para todas as famílias do Cadastro Único, beneficiárias ou não do Bolsa Família. As combinações para as alternativas destas medidas resultam em 56 cenários com parâmetros únicos, para os quais, com base nos dados do Cadastro Único e na folha de pagamentos do Bolsa Família, estimam-se o público alvo e os custos. Também avaliamos as eventuais dificuldades institucionais e operacionais para a implementação destas medidas, já que as iniciativas podem ter uma magnitude inédita na política social brasileira. Recomendamos uma combinação relativamente generosa destas medidas, por um período de pelo menos seis meses. Resumen Este estudio propone tres medidas para potenciar el uso del "Programa Bolsa Família"y del Registro Único (Cadastro Único) para Programas Sociales como respuestas a las consecuencias económicas de la pandemia de COVID-19. Se propone (i) reducir a cero la lista de espera del programa y posponer los procedimientos administrativos que podrían resultar en recortes de beneficios;(ii) reajustar el umbral de elegibilidad y el valor de los beneficios del "Bolsa Família";y (iii) otorgar un beneficio de emergencia, por al menos seis meses, a todas las familias inscritas en el Registro Único (sean o no beneficiarias del "Bolsa Família") cuyo ingreso per cápita sea inferior a la mitad del salario mínimo. Las combinaciones de las alternativas de estas medidas dan como resultado 56 escenarios diferentes. Sobre la base de los datos del Registro Único y la nómina del "Bolsa Família", el estudio estima el público objetivo y los costos de las medidas propuestas. Dada la magnitud sin precedentes de estas medidas, el estudio también evalúa las posibles dificultades institucionales y operativas para su implementación. Se recomienda una combinación relativamente generosa de estas medidas por un período de al menos 6 meses. This study suggests three measures to enhance the potential of the Bolsa Família program and Single Registry for Social Protection (Cadastro Único) as responses to the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. We propose to: (i) enroll all eligible households already in the Cadastro Único in the Bolsa Família program, and postpone all verification and recertification processes that could result in benefit cuts;(ii) adjust the eligibility thresholds of Bolsa Família and the value of the benefits;and (iii) grant an emergency benefit, for at least six months, to all families enrolled in the Single Registry (regardless of whether they are Bolsa Família beneficiaries or not) whose per capita income is below half a minimum wage. The combination of these measures results in 56 different scenarios. Based on the data from the Single Registry and the Bolsa Família payroll, the study estimates the target audience and costs. Given the unprecedented magnitude of these measures, the study also emphasizes possible institutional and operational difficulties for their implementation. A combination of these measures is recommended, with a duration of at least six months.

Avoiding the poverty pandemic: the potential of the Bolsa Família program and the Single Registry for Social Programs to face the COVID-19 pandemic / Evitando a pandemia da pobreza: possibilidades para o programa Bolsa Família e para o Cadastro Único em resposta à COVID-19 / Evitando la pandemia de la pobreza: posibilidades para el Programa Bolsa Família y el Registro Único en respuesta a la COVID-19

Resumo Neste estudo propomos três medidas para potencializar o uso do Programa Bolsa Família e do Cadastro Único para Programas Sociais (Cadastro Único) como resposta às consequências econômicas da pandemia da COVID-19. As medidas propostas são as seguintes: (i) zerar a fila de espera do Programa e suspender procedimentos que possam levar à cessação de benefícios; (ii) reajustar benefícios e linha de elegibilidade do Programa; e (iii) conceder um benefício extraordinário para todas as famílias do Cadastro Único, beneficiárias ou não do Bolsa Família. As combinações para as alternativas destas medidas resultam em 56 cenários com parâmetros únicos, para os quais, com base nos dados do Cadastro Único e na folha de pagamentos do Bolsa Família, estimam-se o público alvo e os custos. Também avaliamos as eventuais dificuldades institucionais e operacionais para a implementação destas medidas, já que as iniciativas podem ter uma magnitude inédita na política social brasileira. Recomendamos uma combinação relativamente generosa destas medidas, por um período de pelo menos seis meses.

Resumen Este estudio propone tres medidas para potenciar el uso del "Programa Bolsa Família" y del Registro Único (Cadastro Único) para Programas Sociales como respuestas a las consecuencias económicas de la pandemia de COVID-19. Se propone (i) reducir a cero la lista de espera del programa y posponer los procedimientos administrativos que podrían resultar en recortes de beneficios; (ii) reajustar el umbral de elegibilidad y el valor de los beneficios del "Bolsa Família"; y (iii) otorgar un beneficio de emergencia, por al menos seis meses, a todas las familias inscritas en el Registro Único (sean o no beneficiarias del "Bolsa Família") cuyo ingreso per cápita sea inferior a la mitad del salario mínimo. Las combinaciones de las alternativas de estas medidas dan como resultado 56 escenarios diferentes. Sobre la base de los datos del Registro Único y la nómina del "Bolsa Família", el estudio estima el público objetivo y los costos de las medidas propuestas. Dada la magnitud sin precedentes de estas medidas, el estudio también evalúa las posibles dificultades institucionales y operativas para su implementación. Se recomienda una combinación relativamente generosa de estas medidas por un período de al menos 6 meses.

Abstract This study suggests three measures to enhance the potential of the Bolsa Família program and Single Registry for Social Protection (Cadastro Único) as responses to the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. We propose to: (i) enroll all eligible households already in the Cadastro Único in the Bolsa Família program, and postpone all verification and recertification processes that could result in benefit cuts; (ii) adjust the eligibility thresholds of Bolsa Família and the value of the benefits; and (iii) grant an emergency benefit, for at least six months, to all families enrolled in the Single Registry (regardless of whether they are Bolsa Família beneficiaries or not) whose per capita income is below half a minimum wage. The combination of these measures results in 56 different scenarios. Based on the data from the Single Registry and the Bolsa Família payroll, the study estimates the target audience and costs. Given the unprecedented magnitude of these measures, the study also emphasizes possible institutional and operational difficulties for their implementation. A combination of these measures is recommended, with a duration of at least six months.

Estimativas de público elegível e custos do benefício emergencial criado pelo PL 9.236/2017

O Projeto de Lei (PL) 9.236/2017 foi aprovado pela Câmara dos Deputados no dia 26 de março de 2020 e tudo indica que deve ser rapidamente ratificado pelo Senado Federal, seguindo então para sanção presidencial. Embora originalmente o PL se propusesse a fazer alterações relevantes nos critérios de concessão do Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC), a aprovação na Câmara chamou a atenção por instituir, no seu art. 2°, auxílio emergencial aos trabalhadores informais como parte da estratégia de resposta à epidemia da Covid-19. Essa medida é oportuna e necessária e vai ao encontro do que dezenas de países vêm adotando para mitigar os impactos econômicos e sociais da pandemia. O objetivo desta nota técnica é apresentar estimativas do custo deste novo benefício ao longo dos três meses previstos para sua duração. O auxílio tem o valor de R$ 600 por mês e, segundo os incisos que seguem o caput do art. 2°, será pago durante três meses (prorrogáveis) para trabalhadores que, cumulativamente, cumprirem condições específicas.

Evitando a pandemia da pobreza: possibilidades para o Programa Bolsa Família e para o Cadastro Único em resposta à Covid-19

Em consequência da pandemia gerada pela Covid-19, o Ministério da Economia anunciou medidas para atenuar os prejuízos do desaquecimento econômico para grupos vulneráveis que incluem, entre outros, famílias de baixa renda registradas no Cadastro Único para Programas Sociais do Governo Federal (Cadastro Único). A partir desses anúncios, o Ministério da Economia solicitou ao Ipea a construção de cenários de intervenção para potencializar o uso do PBF e do Cadastro Único como mecanismos de redução dos prejuízos econômicos causados pela Covid-19 à população brasileira de baixa renda. É esse, portanto, o objetivo deste texto, que resume os resultados de 72 simulações com parâmetros distintos.

Inequality, geographic situation, and meanings of action in the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil Desigualdad, situación geográfica y sentidos de la acción sanitaria durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Brasil

Abstract: This Essay reflects on how socio-spatial inequalities and geographic situations condition the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, as well as actions to deal with the pandemic, with arguments backed by the literature. Socio-spatial inequality is defined as a process and structural condition of a territory marked by inherited and updated vulnerabilities, resulting from a relationship of exploitation, spoliation, and oppression in the current period of globalization. The authors argue that the COVID-19 pandemic can have more serious repercussions in contexts of greater socio-spatial inequality, with systemic and chronic deepening of the economic and social crises in places. Still, actions matter, including collaboration between different groups, institutions, and sectors. The analysis of geographic situation contributes to understanding the inherited territory and different experiences with COVID-19, inextricably linked to the conditions and meanings of action in the face of the pandemic in each place. Geographic situation expresses the tension between freedom and the condition for action. The crisis is not only a health crisis, but a manifestation of the current time, and inequality proves to be the most serious emergency of the 21st century.